{"id":8063,"date":"2020-07-27T01:12:17","date_gmt":"2020-07-27T01:12:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.pvmtc.com.vn\/?p=8063"},"modified":"2020-07-27T01:14:14","modified_gmt":"2020-07-27T01:14:14","slug":"chien-luoc-cua-cac-cong-ty-dau-khi-thach-thuc-truoc-bien-dong-va-khung-hoang","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wmdom.com\/chien-luoc-cua-cac-cong-ty-dau-khi-thach-thuc-truoc-bien-dong-va-khung-hoang\/","title":{"rendered":"Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed – Th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng"},"content":{"rendered":"
C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed \u0111ang \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c l\u1edbn trong n\u0103m 2020 khi \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch Covid-19 b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 d\u1ea7u gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m qua tr\u00ean c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o, bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p 4.0 l\u00ean ng\u00e0nh n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Nh\u1eefng xu th\u1ebf m\u1edbi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed c\u1ea7n r\u00e0 so\u00e1t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kinh doanh v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng.<\/strong><\/div>\n

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1. Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u<\/strong><\/p>\n

B\u1ec7nh vi\u00eam \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p c\u1ea5p \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u trong \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 2020 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u00fa s\u1ed1c ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1n l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n (nh\u01b0 Italy, Ph\u00e1p, M\u1ef9\u2026) \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00fang t\u00fang trong \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n. Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 y t\u1ebf nhanh ch\u00f3ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn s\u1ebd l\u00e0 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i – ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Trong g\u1ea7n 1 th\u00e1ng, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 m\u1ea5t \u0111i nh\u1ecbp s\u1ed1ng quen thu\u1ed9c do th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n gi\u00e3n c\u00e1ch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, s\u00e2n bay tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01a1i \u0111\u1eadu m\u00e1y bay, c\u00e1c c\u1eeda kh\u1ea9u h\u1ea3i quan g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00ecnh tr\u1ec7. Nhu c\u1ea7u n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t d\u1ea7u th\u00f4 v\u00e0 x\u0103ng d\u1ea7u s\u1ee5t gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3: \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 d\u1ea7u th\u00f4 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi gi\u1ea3m h\u01a1n 30 tri\u1ec7u th\u00f9ng\/ng\u00e0y trong th\u00e1ng 3\/2020 (so v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng nhu c\u1ea7u kho\u1ea3ng 100 tri\u1ec7u th\u00f9ng\/ng\u00e0y n\u0103m 2019). Trong \u0111\u00f3, nhu c\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m t\u1edbi 70% t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 trong th\u00e1ng 4\/2020 do c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf di chuy\u1ec3n v\u00ec d\u1ecbch b\u1ec7nh [1].<\/p>\n

Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c Saudi Arabia tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u00fat kh\u1ecfi li\u00ean minh OPEC+ \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn gi\u00e1 d\u1ea7u gi\u1ea3m 30% ch\u1ec9 trong 1 ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng t\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng 20 USD\/th\u00f9ng [2]. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u201c\u0111\u1ed5 d\u1ea7u v\u00e0o l\u1eeda\u201d trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, Saudi Arabia \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n v\u1edbi Li\u00ean bang Nga v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc G20 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng 9,7 tri\u1ec7u th\u00f9ng\/ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n t\u1edbi th\u00e1ng 4\/2022, t\u1ea1m ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n, tuy k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng k\u00e9o gi\u00e1 d\u1ea7u l\u00ean kh\u1ecfi m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t trong 20 n\u0103m qua ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng k\u00e9p t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch Covid-19 v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 d\u1ea7u gi\u1ea3m s\u00e2u khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u201cchao \u0111\u1ea3o\u201d. Gi\u00e1 c\u1ed5 phi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty d\u1ea7u qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (IOC) l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 BP, ExxonMobil, Chevron \u0111\u1ec1u m\u1ea5t t\u1edbi 50% trong 3 th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 2020. C\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p E&P nh\u01b0 Occidental Petroleum (M\u1ef9) hay Premier Oil (Anh) c\u00f3 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t t\u1edbi 80% gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1ed1n h\u00f3a tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n. Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng, bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n nay, c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Xu th\u1ebf chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c hay s\u1ebd c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh? Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 2020 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n n\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a t\u1ea3ng b\u0103ng ch\u00ecm?<\/p>\n

2. Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c trong qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh doanh<\/strong><\/p>\n

2.1. Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/strong><\/p>\n

Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ed nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 xem c\u00e2y m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea5y c\u1ea3 r\u1eebng, kh\u00f4ng d\u1eebng \u1edf ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n hay ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n. Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb l\u00e2u trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c nhau t\u1eeb T\u00f4n T\u1eed cho t\u1edbi Machiavelli, trong chi\u1ebfn tranh du k\u00edch cho t\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua v\u0169 trang\/h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi [3]. C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh th\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0ng d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn, t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i \u201cg\u1ed1c\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 quy t\u1ee5 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, tri\u1ec3n khai th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng linh ho\u1ea1t.<\/p>\n

Trong \u201cBinh ph\u00e1p T\u00f4n T\u1eed\u201d, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 K\u1ebf s\u00e1ch; \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean T\u00f4n T\u1eed \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh Thi\u00ean, \u0110\u1ecba, T\u01b0\u1edbng hay Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eafng b\u1ea1i trong chi\u1ebfn tranh. C\u00e1i \u201cg\u1ed1c\u201d hay nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh c\u0103n d\u1eb7n \u201cch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eafng, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc th\u1eafng th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh\u201d c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u00fd do \u0110\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u1edbng V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh nhanh th\u1eafng nhanh nh\u01b0 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch m\u00e0 cho l\u00f9i qu\u00e2n, chuy\u1ec3n sang \u0111\u00e1nh ch\u1eafc ti\u1ebfn ch\u1eafc, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00e0nh th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i l\u1edbn trong Chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch \u0110i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean Ph\u1ee7. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u201cD\u0129 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn, \u1ee9ng v\u1ea1n bi\u1ebfn\u201d c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng thi\u00ean t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c: \u201cNguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a ta th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, nh\u01b0ng s\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a ta th\u00ec linh ho\u1ea1t\u201d [4].
\nKh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u trong qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh doanh t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970, khi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea1nh tranh trong th\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn, y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb cao. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u201cN\u0103m l\u1ef1c c\u1ea1nh tranh\u201d (Five Forces) c\u1ee7a Michael Porter m\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 \u201cL\u1ee3i th\u1ebf c\u1ea1nh tranh\u201d (Competitive Advantage), \u201c\u0110\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d (Strategic Positioning), hay \u201cChu\u1ed7i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb\u201d (Value Chain) [5]. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u201cN\u0103m l\u1ef1c c\u1ea1nh tranh\u201d c\u1ee7a Michael Porter cho th\u1ea5y b\u1ee9c tranh to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 kinh doanh v\u1edbi c\u1ea1nh tranh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ea1nh tranh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ch\u1ecbu t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng, h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 thay th\u1ebf, hay t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p, kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng trong chu\u1ed7i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. T\u00ednh chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Michael Porter th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn bao qu\u00e1t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ng\u00e0nh\/l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kinh doanh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t (Business Strategy) \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c trong chu\u1ed7i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c chung c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n c\u00f4ng ty\/t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n (Corporate Strategy). Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9\/ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t (Uniqueness) v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a\/d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p mang l\u1ea1i, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u1ea1nh tranh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1, th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n. C\u00e1ch l\u00e0m n\u00e0y gi\u00fap cho doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9, \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 t\u1ed1t, t\u0103ng l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn, c\u1ea1nh tranh b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi\/s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ea3 chi\u1ec1u r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Theo Michael Porter v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd kh\u00e1c [6], chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

H\u00ecnh 1:<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh “N\u0103m l\u1ef1c c\u1ea1nh tranh” c\u1ee7a Michael Porter<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

C\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c kinh doanh ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0: N\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i (Core Competency) c\u1ee7a Prahalad v\u00e0 Hamel t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n doanh nghi\u1ec7p h\u00ecnh c\u00e2y v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i, ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111a d\u1ea1ng t\u1edbi cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng; Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng xanh (Blue Ocean) c\u1ee7a Kim v\u00e0 Mauborgne [7] cho r\u1eb1ng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1i \u01b0u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u1ea1nh tranh, ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1o ra th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t h\u00f3a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m.<\/p>\n

H\u00ecnh 2:<\/strong>\u00a0M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng xanh c\u1ee7a Kim v\u00e0 Mauborgne<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
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Ngu\u1ed3n: www.blueoceanstrategy.com<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

2.2. Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng 90% \u1edf qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tri\u1ec3n khai<\/strong><\/p>\n

L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u, tuy nhi\u00ean b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p\/t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 do x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p 10% v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, c\u00f2n 90% th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c. L\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c trong k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n (c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trung h\u1ea1n, ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n), ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, cung c\u1ea5p h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a\/d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n nh\u01b0ng linh ho\u1ea1t, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p\/t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y l\u1edbn, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c\/\u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi gian g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u (t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh n\u1eb1m \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1, s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u h\u00f3a), s\u1ef1 b\u1ee9t ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf s\u1ed1\/c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 4 (4.0) v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch Covid-19 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. Ngay c\u1ea3 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 th\u00ec c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u, c\u00e1ch tri\u1ec3n khai \u201cv\u1ea1n s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn\u201d c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1c khi cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba m\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng gian m\u1ea1ng v\u1edbi tin t\u1eb7c, tin gi\u1ea3, \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn\u2026, nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi Li\u00ean bang Nga, Ukraine, M\u1ef9 trong th\u1eddi gian qua.<\/p>\n

Do v\u1eady trong kinh doanh, c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n c\u00f3 uy t\u00edn \u0111\u1ec1u cho r\u1eb1ng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng sang th\u00edch nghi (anticipation to adaptation) v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng (push\/top-down) sang c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn h\u00e0i h\u00f2a v\u00e0 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u1eafng nghe, theo d\u00f5i ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i t\u1eeb h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi, kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c (pull\/bottom-up) [8]. Nhi\u1ec1u doanh nghi\u1ec7p trong th\u1eddi gian qua, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng doanh nghi\u1ec7p, b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a (corporate culture) nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh vi\u1ec7c n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c xu th\u1ebf l\u1edbn \u0111ang thay \u0111\u1ed5i [9].<\/p>\n

Eric Schmidt c\u1ee7a Google cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u00edt khi \u0111\u00fang v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu r\u00f3t ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c start-up v\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 v\u00ec k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch kinh doanh; c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap Google th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu th\u1ebf c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm [10]. Satya Nadella c\u1ee7a Microsoft c\u0169ng cho r\u1eb1ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p theo \u0111u\u1ed5i, th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t cao trong ban l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng t\u1edbi t\u1eebng nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a doanh nghi\u1ec7p ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh d\u1eabn t\u1edbi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Microsoft trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1edbi, khi m\u00e1y t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 Microsoft s\u1ebd t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c xu th\u1ebf nh\u01b0: th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u1ea3o (Mixed Reality), tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o (Artificial Intelligence – AI) v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed (Quantum Computing) [11].<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, tri\u1ec3n khai th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 cho th\u1ea5y t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c, c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00f4ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u201cg\u1ed1c\u201d – c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau xa nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1, v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 – \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u201cD\u0129 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn\u201d. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n linh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u00e0 so\u00e1t, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh, \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kinh doanh thay \u0111\u1ed5i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i mang t\u00ednh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac – \u0111\u1ec3 khi c\u1ea7n s\u1ebd \u201c\u1ee8ng v\u1ea1n bi\u1ebfn\u201d.<\/p>\n

3. Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n

3.1. Kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1edbi<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m l\u1ef1c t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n cho c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n quy m\u00f4, v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi l\u1edbn, mang t\u00ednh chu\u1ed7i cao v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb\/c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7. Ng\u00e0nh d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng ty\/t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111a qu\u1ed1c gia l\u1edbn (IOC) kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u, c\u00f3 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0: Standard Oil \u1edf M\u1ef9 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, hay li\u00ean minh 7 c\u00f4ng ty d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed (Seven Sisters) v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970. Quy m\u00f4, ti\u1ec1m l\u1ef1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb sau nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970 khi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed qu\u1ed1c gia (NOC) xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m cho l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9, v\u1edbi t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eeba c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 kinh t\u1ebf, v\u1eeba b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Trong h\u01a1n 10 n\u0103m qua, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng khi\u1ebfn cho chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kinh doanh c\u0169 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p [12]. S\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1ec1 th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 kh\u1ed1i OPEC hay OPEC+ m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng m\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y khi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed \u0111\u00e1 phi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. Khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch m\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i g\u1eafn v\u1edbi tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. D\u1ea7u kh\u00ed ch\u1ecbu s\u1ee9c \u00e9p l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m thay th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o nh\u01b0: m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, gi\u00f3. C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 m\u1edbi tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 chu\u1ed7i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed c\u1ea7n ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh cho m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

3.2. Gi\u00e1 d\u1ea7u l\u00ean v\u00e0 xu\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 xu\u1ed1ng\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u00ednh thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo chu k\u1ef3 (l\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng) c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1 d\u1ea7u: khi gi\u00e1 d\u1ea7u l\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng ti\u1ec1n m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng; gi\u00e1 d\u1ea7u xu\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed, d\u1eebng\/gi\u00e3n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0 ch\u1edd hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng ngu\u1ed3n cung h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ho\u1eb7c nhu c\u1ea7u gia t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00e9o gi\u00e1 l\u00ean. Chu k\u1ef3 l\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1 d\u1ea7u c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nh\u1edd can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a OPEC hay g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 OPEC+ (Nga v\u00e0 9 qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c) do c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n gi\u00e1 d\u1ea7u cao \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1 l\u1edbn. Tuy nhi\u00ean, gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh chu k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1 d\u1ea7u \u0111ang tr\u1edf n\u00ean ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng mong manh. Gi\u00e1 d\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 2014-2016 (t\u1eeb h\u01a1n 110 USD\/th\u00f9ng xu\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t 29 USD\/th\u00f9ng) c\u0169ng do OPEC \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. H\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed \u0111\u00e1 phi\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 (v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 quy m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf), s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng tham gia\/r\u00fat kh\u1ecfi th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng nhanh ch\u00f3ng (th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 200 c\u00f4ng ty tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n sau kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng 2014-2016 [13]). Do \u0111\u00f3, d\u1ea7u th\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u201ccu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i\u201d c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u201c\u00f4ng l\u1edbn\u201d, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi gi\u00e1 d\u1ea7u kh\u00f3 t\u0103ng m\u1ea1nh tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i (gi\u00e1 d\u1ea7u trung b\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 60 USD\/th\u00f9ng trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 2016-2019). L\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3m gi\u00e1 n\u0103m 2020 c\u0169ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c OPEC+ kh\u00f4ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng chung khi Saudi Arabia s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng b\u00e1n ph\u00e1 gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea1i th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n t\u1eeb M\u1ef9 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Nga. Kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng gi\u00e1 d\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n khi nhu c\u1ea7u d\u1ea7u th\u00f4 v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m x\u0103ng d\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh trong \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch Covid-19. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 d\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t trong 20 n\u0103m qua, c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u00e1 d\u1ea7u WTI t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ee9c \u00e2m (-40 USD\/th\u00f9ng) do ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u01a1 tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai (futures) c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 kho d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef khi cung – c\u1ea7u m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng [14]. Gi\u00e1 d\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ed3i ph\u1ee5c nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u1edf m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n nay (kho\u1ea3ng d\u01b0\u1edbi 30 USD\/th\u00f9ng trong \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng 5\/2020) khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00e3i n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ecb c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 li\u1ec7u cung c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ee7 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3m c\u1ea7u hi\u1ec7n nay v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f2n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i do t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch Covid-19 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac.<\/p>\n

3.3. Bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn t\u0103ng cao k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m qua v\u00e0 th\u00e1ng 1\/2020 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u00f3ng nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng (tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch Covid-19 khi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i kh\u00ed nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh) [15]. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda nh\u01b0: ch\u00e1y r\u1eebng di\u1ec7n r\u1ed9ng \u1edf Australia n\u0103m 2019; s\u00f3ng nhi\u1ec7t (heatwave) \u1edf Nam C\u1ef1c v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00e1ng 3\/2020 l\u00ean t\u1edbi 18,3 \u0111\u1ed9 C [16] c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ea1n m\u1eb7n ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 \u1edf \u0110\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00f4ng C\u1eedu Long, Vi\u1ec7t Nam\u2026 khi\u1ebfn cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng nh\u00ecn. S\u1ee9c \u00e9p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00ec m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh: S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 (Institutional investors) cam k\u1ebft c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng t\u1eeb 180 n\u0103m 2014 l\u00ean 1.000 n\u0103m 2019 (t\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd l\u00ean t\u1edbi 11 ngh\u00ecn t\u1ef7 USD), khi\u1ebfn ngay c\u1ea3 Royal Dutch Shell hay BP c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn s\u1ee9c \u00e9p kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf [17].<\/p>\n

C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thay th\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o, c\u00e0ng khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed ch\u1ecbu th\u00eam \u00e1p l\u1ef1c, ngay c\u1ea3 tr\u00ean l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u201cs\u00e2n nh\u00e0\u201d nh\u01b0 giao th\u00f4ng v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i. Quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1eb7t h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c H\u00e0ng h\u1ea3i Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (IMO) v\u1ec1 v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00ean d\u1ea7u FO, trong khi s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng xe \u0111i\u1ec7n (c\u00e1c h\u00e3ng \u00f4 t\u00f4 l\u1edbn tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111ang ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m m\u1edbi) d\u1eabn t\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi l\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u x\u0103ng v\u00e0 d\u1ea7u diesel s\u1ebd b\u1ecb t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec7n, c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o m\u1edbi l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u01b0\u1ee3t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb than v\u00e0 kh\u00ed, v\u1edbi s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng chi\u1ebfm t\u1edbi 26% t\u1ed5ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u0103m 2018 [18]. T\u1ea1i Anh n\u0103m 2019, s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u00ean s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch [19]. Nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i mang t\u00ednh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean mang l\u1ea1i th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed v\u1ec1 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, v\u1ec1 c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. T\u00e0i s\u1ea3n d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean, tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u0111ang \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi r\u1ee7i ro kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 h\u00f3a (monetisation). \u0110\u00e2y s\u1ebd l\u00e0 r\u1ee7i ro r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 cho ng\u00e0nh d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u [20]. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

3.4. Hai xu th\u1ebf l\u1edbn: D\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p 4.0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed cho giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1edbi s\u1ebd kh\u00e1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u00ec lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh, quy m\u00f4, ti\u1ec1m l\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng ty s\u1ebd quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p: C\u00e1c IOC ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn kh\u00e1c c\u00e1c NOC; NOC c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean c\u0169ng s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c NOC c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u00edt t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean; c\u00f4ng ty d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9 nh\u01b0 Cheaspeake, Pioneer s\u1ebd ch\u1ecdn gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty E&P truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ConocoPhillips, Hess, Tullow\u2026 M\u1ed9t l\u00fd do n\u1eefa khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111ang r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau: \u0110\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00ec c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111ang t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm, l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng (n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 r\u00fat kh\u1ecfi Th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn chung Paris v\u1ec1 Bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu, hay xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111a c\u1ef1c h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi). Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 2 xu th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1edbn m\u00e0 c\u00e1c IOC v\u00e0 NOC l\u1edbn \u0111ang t\u1eadp trung nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, tri\u1ec3n khai – \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c vai tr\u00f2\/nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu l\u00e2u nay l\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf – x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o an ninh n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, an to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (Energy Transition) v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p 4.0.<\/p>\n

3.4.1. D\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/strong><\/p>\n

D\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eabn \u0111ang \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1edbn. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 khi than r\u1ed3i x\u0103ng d\u1ea7u thay nhau tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea1ch, t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o s\u1ebd chi\u1ebfm v\u1ecb tr\u00ed l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong r\u1ed5 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y s\u1ebd c\u00f3 quy m\u00f4 v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, bao g\u1ed3m thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn, mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng trong c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb d\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, n\u1eb1m trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ee9c \u00e9p kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c trong xu th\u1ebf D\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf 3 b\u01b0\u1edbc sau:<\/p>\n

– Gi\u1ea3m h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng carbon (Decarbonisation)<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u v\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf, nhu c\u1ea7u n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m ch\u1eadm l\u1ea1i (nh\u1edd c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m) so v\u1edbi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Ngay c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi k\u1ecbch b\u1ea3n tham v\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh, th\u00ec nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u h\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch (nh\u01b0 than, d\u1ea7u, kh\u00ed) v\u1eabn c\u00f2n chi\u1ebfm t\u1ef7 tr\u1ecdng l\u1edbn (\u00edt nh\u1ea5t kho\u1ea3ng 50%) trong t\u1ed5ng cung n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2050 [21, 22]. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed1i \u0111a h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng carbon trong c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c chung, r\u00f5 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111a ph\u1ea7n c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed l\u1edbn. Kh\u00ed thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean v\u1edbi h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng carbon th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao h\u01a1n d\u1ea7u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0y, d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o s\u1ebd chi\u1ebfm t\u1ef7 tr\u1ecdng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong r\u1ed5 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty d\u1ea7u xem x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ty kh\u00ed [23]. Ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh, do v\u1eady trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty \u0111ang ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kho c\u1ea3ng LNG, chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00ed thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i h\u00f3a v\u00e0 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, gi\u00fap \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cho ph\u00e1t \u0111i\u1ec7n trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n linh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec7n gi\u00f3, \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, cung \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed methane th\u1ea3i\/tho\u00e1t (leaking), h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf t\u1ed1i \u0111a \u0111\u1ed1t b\u1ecf kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111a ph\u1ea7n c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty IOC nh\u01b0 ExxonMobil, Total, Shell coi l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng carbon c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00ed. BP \u0111\u01b0a ra t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn Net Zero, d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i carbon t\u1eeb ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a BP v\u1ec1 0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103m 2050. Hi\u1ec7n BP ch\u01b0a c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 chi ti\u1ebft gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p, tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nh\u01b0: CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage) hay CCUS (Carbon Capture Utilisation and Storage) \u0111ang ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u1edf quy m\u00f4 r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 s\u1ebd gi\u00fap ng\u00e0nh d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng carbon ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c Occidental Petroleum h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi Net Power \u0111\u1ec3 tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 CCUS, t\u0103ng h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 thu h\u1ed3i d\u1ea7u (EOR) cho c\u00e1c m\u1ecf t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9, kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng l\u1ee3i \u00edch kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng [24].<\/p>\n

– \u0110i\u1ec7n h\u00f3a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (Electrification)<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec7n \u0111ang th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed l\u00e0 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c giao th\u00f4ng. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn 10 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 xe \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec7n Tesla, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn nay c\u00e1c h\u00e3ng \u00f4 t\u00f4 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 tham gia th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng xe \u0111i\u1ec7n, cho ra \u0111\u1eddi kho\u1ea3ng 100 m\u1eabu xe \u0111i\u1ec7n\/n\u0103m v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng xe \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea1t kho\u1ea3ng 2 tri\u1ec7u chi\u1ebfc v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2018 [25]. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0, th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 s\u1ea1c \u0111i\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ec3 thu th\u1eadp th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m x\u0103ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy m\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00e0o chu\u1ed7i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u1edf kh\u00e2u sau v\u1edbi th\u1ebf m\u1ea1nh s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 \u1edf h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng x\u0103ng d\u1ea7u hay c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 trong chu\u1ed7i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngu\u1ed3n (khai th\u00e1c kh\u00ed) v\u00e0 h\u1ea1 ngu\u1ed3n (nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n). Royal Dutch Shell li\u00ean t\u1ee5c mua l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c s\u1ea1c nhanh nh\u01b0: Ionity, Greenlot, NewMotion v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng ty mua b\u00e1n \u0111i\u1ec7n First Utility. BP \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o ChargeMaster v\u00e0 StoreDot, trong khi Total \u0111\u00e3 s\u1edf h\u1eefu h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ea1c Direct Energie. Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m, ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n khi th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh, d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng giao th\u00f4ng, c\u0103n h\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng minh trong th\u1eddi gian t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

– Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o (Renewable energy)<\/p>\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a BP v\u00e0o l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 2000 l\u00e0 b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7n nay. Su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 cho \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 pin gi\u1ea3m trung b\u00ecnh t\u1edbi g\u1ea7n 14%\/n\u0103m trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 2010-2020 (\u0111i\u1ec7n gi\u00f3 gi\u1ea3m kho\u1ea3ng 5%) v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u1ea3m trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 2020-2040 [26]. Nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o nh\u01b0: \u0111i\u1ec7n gi\u00f3, \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea1nh tranh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111i\u1ec7n than\/\u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00ed truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng (th\u1eadm ch\u00ed v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111\u00e3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng\/kh\u1ea5u hao). Th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 b\u00e0i to\u00e1n chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed l\u00e0 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n sang h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi n\u00e0y v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i v\u1eeba qua. C\u00e1c IOC v\u1edbi ti\u1ec1m l\u1ef1c t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh l\u1edbn \u0111ang tri\u1ec3n khai \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1t t\u1eeb nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cho t\u1edbi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o. BP, Royal Dutch Shell \u0111ang v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111i\u1ec7n gi\u00f3 ngo\u00e0i kh\u01a1i l\u1edbn \u1edf M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. \u0110i\u1ec7n gi\u00f3 ngo\u00e0i kh\u01a1i t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1t ti\u1ec1m l\u1ef1c t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, kinh nghi\u1ec7m qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, kinh nghi\u1ec7m l\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t, v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh b\u1ea3o d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ngo\u00e0i kh\u01a1i c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed Dong Energy (\u0110an M\u1ea1ch) \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n sang \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0, v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111i\u1ec7n gi\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ean th\u00e0nh Orsted [27]. Tuy th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, c\u00e1c IOC c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t tham v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m th\u1eed s\u1ee9c v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ea3ng kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o: BP Lightsource \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t 10GW v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2023. Shell \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o 2 c\u00f4ng ty n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi l\u1edbn \u1edf M\u1ef9 (Silicon Ranch) v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 (Cleantech Solar), trong khi Total ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u0103ng s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u1ea1i SunPower. Ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c NOC l\u1edbn \u1edf Trung \u0110\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 Saudi Aramco hay Mubadala c\u0169ng \u0111ang \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. C\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 hydrogen, nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u sinh h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 m\u1edbi (advanced biofuel) c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, tri\u1ec3n khai: Eni ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i h\u00f3a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u sinh h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb d\u1ea7u \u0103n v\u00e0 s\u1eafp t\u1edbi l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u\/r\u00e1c th\u1ea3i sinh h\u1ecdc (biofining) t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u1edf Venice (Italy). OMV \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf nh\u1ef1a th\u00e0nh nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u (d\u1ea7u th\u00f4) t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u1edf Schwechat (Austria) t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2018. N\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf t\u00e1i ch\u1ebf v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb nh\u1ef1a tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i d\u1ea7u (plastic pyrolysis) v\u1eeba l\u00e0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed: Total, ExxonMobil \u0111\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf (patent) cho c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0y [22].<\/p>\n

3.4.2. C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p 4.0<\/strong><\/p>\n

D\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 xu th\u1ebf l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u00e0nh n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p 4.0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 t\u1edbi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf – x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn trong ng\u00e0nh d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed\/n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap xe \u00f4 t\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 s\u1eafp t\u1edbi l\u00e0 giao th\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i (self-driving) th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i h\u00f3a; gi\u00fap cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng \u1edf M\u1ef9 hay ch\u00e2u \u00c2u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p \u0111i\u1ec7n, g\u00e2y s\u1ee9c \u00e9p l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5. D\u1ea7u kh\u00ed v\u1eeba g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i s\u1ee9c \u00e9p v\u1ec1 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u1ea7n c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1ea7n th\u00edch nghi v\u1edbi b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0111i c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd th\u00f4ng minh h\u01a1n, t\u00edch h\u1ee3p nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n trong n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf s\u1ed1. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf trong th\u1eddi gian qua, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p s\u1ed1 h\u00f3a (digitalisation), tuy nhi\u00ean gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ebd l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t khi tri\u1ec3n khai \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c s\u1ed1 h\u00f3a, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch.<\/p>\n

Trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngu\u1ed3n, Repsol \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi IBM ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m Excalibur, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o (AI) \u0111\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c m\u1ecf ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng, cho th\u1ea5y c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n l\u1edbn so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian t\u00ednh to\u00e1n [28]. BP c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 l\u1edbn cho vi\u1ec7c s\u1ed1 h\u00f3a v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u1eadp trung h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn m\u1ecf tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u1eef li\u1ec7u l\u00ean t\u1edbi 1 petabyte (1 tri\u1ec7u gigabyte); h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m nh\u01b0 Argus \u0111\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i m\u1ecf tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng AI t\u1eeb c\u00e1c start-up m\u00e0 BP li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 trong th\u1eddi gian qua (Beyond Limits hay Belmont Technology) [29]. Schlumberger, Chevron v\u00e0 Microsoft h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m DELFI c\u1ee7a Schlumberger tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y Microsoft Azure [30], l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i kh\u00e1c so v\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp nh\u01b0ng cho th\u1ea5y l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm, th\u0103m d\u00f2, khai th\u00e1c d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed \u0111ang ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn trong \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u1edf th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngu\u1ed3n (gi\u00e0n khai th\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i kh\u01a1i) ho\u1eb7c trung v\u00e0 h\u1ea1 ngu\u1ed3n (h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed1ng, nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y l\u1ecdc h\u00f3a d\u1ea7u), vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng robot, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n bay kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i (drone), c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn… k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi AI mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch l\u1edbn trong \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh, b\u1ea3o d\u01b0\u1ee1ng trong khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m chi ph\u00ed nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng, m\u00e1y bay v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng an ninh, an to\u00e0n [31]. Ngay c\u1ea3 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1edbm thay \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1edbi giao d\u1ecbch th\u00f4ng qua chu\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1i (blockchain) nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Vakt \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p (nh\u01b0 BP, Royal Dutch Shell, Equinor, Gunvor, Mercuria, ABN Amro, ING\u2026) th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n [32]. C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed \u0111ang coi c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p 4.0 l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua, c\u1ea7n nhanh ch\u00f3ng th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy m\u00f4 khi ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p.<\/p>\n

4. K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/strong><\/p>\n

Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 r\u1ea5t \u201cn\u00f3ng\u201d \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed khi b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u201clu\u1eadt ch\u01a1i\u201d \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. D\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 xu th\u1ebf t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 mang t\u1edbi v\u00e0 g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng khi d\u1ea7u thay th\u1ebf than, hay kh\u00ed thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean n\u1ed5i l\u00ean nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea1ch h\u01a1n trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n hi\u1ec7n nay. Trong xu th\u1ebf d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed c\u1ea7n t\u1eadp trung r\u00e0 so\u00e1t, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng; y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 an ninh, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng; ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n

T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o<\/strong>
\n[1] Christopher Sell, \u201cHow the pandemic wiped out oil demand around the world\u201d, Bloomberg, 9\/4\/2020. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2020-04-09\/how-the-pandemic-wiped-out-oil-demand-around-the-world.
\n[2] David Sheppard, Anjli Raval, and Hudson Lockett, \u201cOil price crashes 30% as markets open\u201d, Financial Times, 10\/4\/2020. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/dab75720-618a-11ea-a6cd-df28cc3c6a68.
\n[3] Lawrence Freedman, Strategy: A history. Oxford University Press, 2013.
\n[4] H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, To\u00e0n t\u1eadp (T\u1eadp 8). Nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c gia – S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, 2011, tr. 555.
\n[5] Michael E. Porter, On competition. Harvard Business Review Press, 2008.
\n[6] McKinsey Quarterly, \u201cWhat strategists need: A meeting of the minds\u201d, 2014.
\n[7] Harvard Business Review, HBR’s 10 must reads on strategy, 2011.
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\n[Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/a5292644-958d-4065-92e8-ace55d766654.
\n[15] Oliver Milman, \u201cEarth just had hottest January since records began, data shows\u201d, The Guardian, 13\/2\/2020. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2020\/feb\/13\/january-hottest-earth-record-climate-crisis.
\n[16] Graham Readfearn, \u201cAntarctica logs hottest temperature on record with a reading of 18.3C\u201d, The Guardian, 7\/2\/2020. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2020\/feb\/07\/antarctica-logs-hottest-temperature-on-record-with-a-reading-of-183c.
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\n[29] BP, \u201cDigitally enabled\u201d, 2017.
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\n[32] Emiko Terazono, \u201cEnergy groups and traders launch new blockchain platform\u201d, Financial Times, 29\/11\/2018. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/7abf5be0-f3b5-11e8-9623-d7f9881e729f.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Ng\u1ecdc Trung – Ng\u1ecdc Anh (PVN)<\/strong><\/p>\n

pvn.vn<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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